UNTERSUCHUNG DER REFRAKTION BEIM PRÄZISIONSNIVELLEMENT

A most dangerous source of errors of precise levelling consists in the refraction effect of regular character. To reduce the effect of levelling refraction, survey prescriptions of various countries contain different practical measures such as prescription of the mini- mum rod reading, of the maximum admissible rod distance, and specification of daytimes appropriate for precise levelling. These dispositions reduce the refraction effect without eliminating the error due to refraction. In precise levelling, regular refraction effect can be applied for refraction correction, if the temperature vs. altitude function is known. Altitude functions known from the literat ure are rat her awkward by omitting the equilibrium condition of atmosphere in the levelling domain of microclimate, and besides, applicability of some functions is considered only from theoretical aspects e.g. propagation of errors. Thereby, most of the known altitude functions do not agree with the mathematical definition of the meteorological model for microclimate. In this study, the temperature vs. altitude function is deduced by a computerized method of functional approximation. Validity of the function ranges from 10 cm above ground level to the upper level of the unstable lower air cushion. To take the levelling refraction into account, it is feIt to be convenient to replace the temperature vs. altitude function by the determination of temperature gradient from multiannual temperature data by the method of mathematical statistics. The precision can be improved by determining the refraction coefficient as a function of season, daytime, altitude above ground level, and cloud coverage. The present value of the refraction coefficient can be measured by the precise lev- elling of the lapse rate and for that purpose a gradient measuring instrument has been developed

BEURTEILUNG DES PRÄZISIONSNIVELLIERINSTRUMENTS MOM Ni-A 31 IM LAUFE EINES PATENTRECHTSSREITS

These days theoretical accuracy and practical efficiency of level instruments with com· pensators exceeds those of the conventional bubble equipments. This paper is dealing with the qualification of an accurate autoset level Type MOM Ni-A31 elaborated and licenced by P. Tóth and improved and produced by the MOM Hungarian Optical Works. The equipment - due to its excellent construction: high sensitivity compensator, ensuring unchanged line of direction with high precision, rigid connection between the cross hairs and objective - is suitable to per- form levelling tasks requiring high precision, e.g. for measuring vertical crustal movement networks. According to examinations performed in Hungary and abroad the autoset level in question exceeds the precision of internationally known instruments not only in accuracy, but also effectively decreased the vibration sensitivity and thereby ensuring invariable line of direction even in magnetic field. Finally, the production and commercial possibilities of the instrument are discussed in reflection of the licence law

Value Impairment of Contaminated Real Estate

Market actors have already recognised the effects of different pollution sources on the surrounding real estate; however, in the Central European environment, both appraisers and non-professionals are highly unsure of how to determine the value of the deterioration caused. In this article we are to classify the available methods described in international literature and to introduce the preconditions for their utilisation. Many options and methods are available to specialists; it is advised to avail of them as soon as possible, in the interest of estimating the economic effects as well as ensuring a solution to any subsequent disputes

Szakértői esettanulmány a mobil-átjátszótornyok által előidézett ipari szennyezés kártérítési szempontjairól

A dolgozat egy szakértői esettanulmány keretében a mobil-átjátszótornyok telepítési helyének és üzemelte-tési körülményeinek a környező ingatlanokra kifejtett környezetkárosító és forgalmi értékcsökkentő hatását vizsgálja.Az átjátszótornyok üzemeltetőjének kétségtelen érdeke, hogy a torony helyének kiválasztása során az optimális üzem-képességet, valamint gazdaságilag a legkedvezőbb telepítési körülményeket vegye figyelembe. Az optimális telepítési körülmények azonban ellentmondanak a torony környezetében élő lakosság környezetvédelmi és ingatlanforgalmi érdekének. A torony léte és üzemelése ugyanis a környező ingatlanok sérelmére „szükségtelen zavarást” idéznek elő, amely káros hatással van a környéken lakók életkörülményeire, valamint a tulajdonukat képező ingatlanok forgalmi értékére